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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:856-863
© 2000 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

Cardiopulmonary Support and Physiology

Assisted venous drainage presents the risk of undetected air microembolism

From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.

Received for publication April 24, 2000. Revisions requested May 26, 2000; revisions received June 1, 2000. Accepted for publication July 12, 2000. Address for reprints: Eugene A. Grossi, MD, New York University Medical Center, Suite 9-V, 530 First Ave, New York, NY 10028 (E-mail: grossi{at}cv.med.nyu.edu).

Abstract

Objectives: The proliferation of minimally invasive cardiac surgery has increased dependence on augmented venous return techniques for cardiopulmonary bypass. Such augmented techniques have the potential to introduce venous air emboli, which can pass to the patient. We examined the potential for the transmission of air emboli with different augmented venous return techniques.
Methods: In vitro bypass systems with augmented venous drainage were created with either kinetically augmented or vacuum-augmented venous return. Roller or centrifugal pumps were used for arterial perfusion in combination with a hollow fiber oxygenator and a 40-µm arterial filter. Air was introduced into the venous line via an open 25-gauge needle. Test conditions involved varying the amount of negative venous pressure, the augmented venous return technique, and the arterial pump type. Measurements were recorded at the following sites: pre-arterial pump, post-arterial pump, post-oxygenator, and patient side.
Results: Kinetically augmented venous return quickly filled the centrifugal venous pump with macrobubbles requiring continuous manual clearing; a steady state to test for air embolism could not be achieved. Vacuum-augmented venous return handled the air leakage satisfactorily and microbubbles per minute were measured. Higher vacuum pressures resulted in delivery of significantly more microbubbles to the "patient" (P < .001). The use of an arterial centrifugal pump was associated with fewer microbubbles (P = .02).
Conclusions: Some augmented venous return configurations permit a significant quantity of microbubbles to reach the patient despite filtration. A centrifugal pump has air-handling disadvantages when used for kinetic venous drainage, but when used as an arterial pump in combination with vacuum-assisted venous drainage it aids in clearing air emboli.

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