HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Rémi Houel Alain Carpentier Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Chauvaud, S. Articles by Carpentier, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Chauvaud, S. Articles by Carpentier, A.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:84-93
© 1998 Mosby, Inc.

SURGERY FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Reconstructive surgery in congenital mitral valve insufficiency (Carpentier’s techniques): Long-term results

Read at the Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Washington, D.C., May 4-7, 1997.

Received for publication July 8, 1997; revisions requested August 18, 1997; revisions received Sept. 2. 1997; accepted for publication Sept 3, 1997. Address for reprints: Sylvain Chauvaud MD, Hôpital Broussais, Departement de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire, 96 rue Didot, 75014 Paris, France.

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Discussion References

 
Background: Previous publications have stressed the benefits of mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement in children. However, few communications have reported the long-term results and none with a follow-up of more than 10 years. This article reports our results in a series of 145 patients operated on for congenital mitral valve insufficiency by means of the same technique (Carpentier's technique) in a single center.
Methods: Between 1970 and 1995, 145 patients younger than 12 years old underwent surgery for congenital mitral valve insufficiency. Mean age was 5.7 ± 3.1 years, ranging from 0.17 to 12 years. Mitral valve insufficiency associated with atrioventricular defect, atrioventricular discordance, straddling mitral valve, acquired diseases, Marfan syndrome, and degenerative disease was excluded from this study. According to Carpentier classification, 31 patients had type I mitral valve disease (normal leaflet motion), 79 patients type II (leaflet prolapse), and 35 type III (restricted leaflet motion), with 15 having normal papillary muscles and 20 abnormal papillary muscles. Associated lesions were present in 51 patients (35%). A conservative operation was possible in 138 patients (95%). Among them, 70 patients required a prosthetic annuloplasty and 21 patients valve extension with a pericardial patch. Valve replacement was necessary in seven patients (5%).
Results: In-hospital mortality was 5% (95% CL: 2.5% to 9.9%) (seven patients). No early death was observed in the group of patients who underwent valvular replacement. In-hospital mortality was as follows: type I, 9.6%; type II, 2.5%; and type III, 13%. No statistically significant difference was noted among patients with the different types of disease. Mean follow-up was 9.3 ± 6.9 years (1 to 26 years), and cumulative follow-up was 1142 patient-years. Ten late deaths occurred. Actuarial survival at 10 years was 88% in patients who underwent valve repair and 51% in patients who underwent valve replacement. Late reoperation was required in 15% (n = 21) of patients who had undergone valve repair and 28% (n = 2) in patients with valve replacement. Causes of reoperation were recurrent left ventricular failure (n = 1), residual or recurrent mitral valve insufficiency (n = 17), mitral valve stenosis (n = 3), and calcification of the bioprosthesis (n = 2). No failure resulting from leaflet extension was observed. In the repair group, actuarial freedom from reoperation was 68% (95% CL: 80.5% to 51.5%) at 15 years, and the linearized rate of exposure to reoperation was 1.9% per patient-year. No thromboembolic event was observed in any group.
Conclusion: Congenital mitral valve insufficiency can be repaired in infancy with a low mortality. Conservative surgery with Carpentier's techniques is feasible in the majority of cases of congenital mitral valve insufficiency. This technique offers stable long-term results with a low rate of reoperation. Leaflet extension associated with prosthetic ring annuloplasty could prevent reoperations in selected cases.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Discussion References

 
Since the original publication by Carpentier and associates ¹ in 1976 on the surgical correction of congenital mitral valve insufficiency (MVI), several authors have reported their own experience. ^2,3 These reports concluded that conservative surgery initially provides good results but that the rates of reoperation were high. ³ The aim of this study is to report our own experience with the same technique and with results extending over 10 years.

	Patients and methods

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Discussion References

 
From November 1970 to October 1995, 145 patients less than 12 years of age were operated on for congenital MVI in our institution. MVI associated with atrioventricular (AV) defect, AV discordance, straddling mitral valve, and acquired valvular diseases were excluded from this study. Those with Marfan's syndrome and other degenerative diseases were also excluded. The series comprised 74 boys and 71 girls whose ages ranged from 2 months to 12 years (mean 5.7 ± 3.1 years and 0.17 to 12 years, respectively). At the time of the operation, 47 patients (32.2%) were in New York Heart Association class II, 73 (50.7%) in class III, and 25 (17.1%) in class IV. The mean cardiothoracic ratio was 0.64 ± 0.08, ranging from 0.8 to 0.4. All but three children (2%) were in sinus rhythm. The degree of MVI, left ventricular function, and associated anomalies were assessed by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization, or by both methods. MVI was grade 3/4 or 4/4 in all patients.

Classification of mitral valve anomalies
(Table I).The mitral valve malformations were classified according to Carpentier's functional classification. ⁴ Because several anomalies may coexist, the predominant one was used to classify the malformation. The distribution of children according to this classification is shown in Table I.

1. Anulus dilatation (N = 7). The circumference of the anulus was 20% to 50% greater than that set forth in the table developed by Rowlatt, Rimoldi, and Lev. ⁵ The dilatation affected mainly the posterior aspect of the anulus. It was usually associated with minor anomalies such as imperforate interchordal spaces demonstrating the congenital origin of the dilatation.

2. Cleft leaflet (N = 18). In this group the cleft most frequently involved the anterior leaflet. The cleft was either complete or partial, with no other anomaly of the mitral valve, which is in contrast to the AV septal defect valve.

3. Leaflet defect (N = 6). The leaflet defect anomaly consists of a partial agenesis of the posterior leaflet, with absence of chordae to the corresponding free edge.

Type II: Leaflet prolapse (n = 79).
The prolapse of the free edge of one or two leaflets within the left atrium could be due to several malformations.

1.Chordal elongation (n = 46), often involving all of the chordae tendineae arising from one papillary muscle

2.Papillary muscle elongation (n = 24)

3.Absence of chordae tendineae (n = 9)

Type III: Restricted leaflet motion (n = 35).
The group with restricted leaflet motion comprised two subgroups depending on the structure of the papillary muscles:

Normal papillary muscles (N = 15). In this subgroup two papillary muscles were individualized on echocardiography.

1. commissure papillary muscle fusion (N = 8). The papillary muscles were adherent to the commissure, which were fused. The fusion often was bilateral.

2. short chordae (N = 7). All the involved chordae could be short or limited to the chordae of one leaflet.

Abnormal papillary muscle (N = 20). In this subgroup the papillary muscles were abnormal in number or position or both.

1. parachute mitral valve (N = 5). In this malformation, the chordae arose from one papillary muscle implanted on the inferior third of the left ventricle. The cause of regurgitation was a lack of valvular tissue, short chordae, annular dilatation, or a combination of these malformations.

2. hammock mitral valve (N = 12). The term hammock mitral valve defines an anomaly of the papillary muscles displaced upward and posteriorly under the mural leaflet. Subsequently, the chordae of the anterior leaflet cross the mitral valve orifice, producing partial obstruction at very the least.

3. papillary muscle hypoplasia (N = 3). The anterior papillary muscle was the muscle most often involved with hypoplasia. This anomaly was associated with hypoplasia of the corresponding commissure and adjacent anterior leaflet tissue with a "cleft commissure" aspect. In this type III group, mitral valve stenosis was associated when a commissure papillary muscle fusion, a parachute valve, or a hammock valve was present.

Associated lesions.
Associated lesions, listed in Table II,were present in 51 patients (35%). Five had undergone previous repair of associated lesions: aortic coarctation (n = 3), closure of ventricular septal defect (n = 1), and transposition of the great arteries (n = 1).

Mitral valve repair.
A conservative operation, performed with the use of techniques previously described by Carpentier, ^1,4,6 was possible in 138 patients (95%). A list of the procedures is detailed in Table III.Inasmuch as the malformation usually implies several anomalies, several techniques were used in the same patient. Annular dilatation and deformation was present as a single anomaly in patients with type I MVI, as an associated anomaly in most patients with type II, and in some patients with type III MVI.

Attempts to avoid the use of a prosthetic ring in very young children led to the use of several annuloplasty techniques in 16 patients (12%). These techniques included commissural plication, anulus plication after partial resection of the posterior leaflet, and semicircular annuloplasty. The valve was enlarged with an autologous pericardial patch ⁷ in nine patients to allow use of a larger prosthetic ring and to avoid progressive mitral stenosis during the child's natural growth. The enlargement involved the anterior leaflet in three children and the posterior leaflet in six.

Cleft leaflet was corrected either by a direct suture technique or with an autologous pericardial patch when a large leaflet tissue defect was present (n = 4) (Fig. 1).In these cases preliminary extensive leaflet mobilization was achieved by resecting all the chordae inserted on the cleft or on the adjacent leaflet tissue.

View larger version (123K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Cleft leaflet closed with a pericardial patch.

Prolapse of a leaflet was corrected by means of the techniques previously described. ^1,4,6 Chordal elongation of the anterior leaflet was treated either by a sliding plasty of the papillary muscle or by chordal shortening.

Chordal elongation of the posterior leaflet was treated by quadrangular resection of the corresponding prolapsed area. Papillary muscle elongation was treated by partial resection or plication of the tip of the papillary muscle. Absence of chordae was treated by chordal transposition of the anterior leaflet or by leaflet resection of the posterior leaflet. In cases of commissure papillary muscle fusion, bilateral commissurotomy and deep splitting of the papillary muscles were performed.

Short chordae were treated by multiple splitting of the tip of the corresponding papillary muscle. The parachute mitral valve was corrected by splitting the papillary muscle and fenestration of the interchordal spaces. The hammock valve was treated by partial resection or splitting of the muscular mass underneath the posterior leaflet. In four patients it was necessary to detach the posterior leaflet and perform subsequent patch enlargement (Fig. 2).Papillary muscle hypoplasia associated with leaflet hypoplasia was treated either by plication of the anulus to reconstruct the commissural area (n = 1) or by enlargement of the leaflet tissue with an autologous pericardial patch (n = 2).

View larger version (120K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Hammock mitral valve. Posterior leaflet extension with pericardial patch.

Valvular replacement.
A valvular replacement was necessary in seven patients (5%): for parachute mitral valve (n = 1), hammock valve (n = 1), commissure papillary muscle fusion (n = 1), leaflet prolapse (n = 3), and short chordae (n = 1). Five bioprosthetic valves and two mechanical valves were implanted. Bioprosthetic valves were not used after 1985, when data on early degeneration were well established.

Associated lesions.
Associated lesions were corrected during the same procedure in 43 patients. Coarctation of the aorta was repaired by an end-to-end anastomosis through the anterior approach during the mitral valve operation. In two patients delayed repair of the coarctation was performed. The aortic arch anomaly was not treated because no clinical symptom was present.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Discussion References

 
Statistical analysis.
Data are expressed as mean ± one standard deviation. The postoperative events, survival, and reoperation rates were obtained by the Kaplan-Meier actuarial method.

Hospital mortality.
Seven patients died (5%) (95% confidence limits [CL]: 2.5% to 9.9%) in the repair group (Table IV).The mean age of children who died during the operation was 3.7 ± 2.1 years. Two deaths were due to persistent pulmonary artery hypertension after closure of a ventricular septal defect. Mortality was 9.6% (3/31) in type I, 2.5% (2/79) in type II, and 13% (2/15) in type III. No statistically significant correlation was apparent between hospital mortality and functional type.

Long-term survival.
Late deaths occurred in six of 138 patients (4%) after repair and in three of seven patients (43%) after replacement (Table V).Three patients living abroad had recurrence of MVI and could not be reoperated on. The 10-year survival was 86% (95% CL: 77.4% to 91.3%) for the entire cohort, 88% (95% CL: 79.8% to 93%) for the repair group and 51% (95% CL: 19.7% to 82.1%) for the valve replacement group. At 15 years the survival of the repair group was 88% (95% CL: 79.8% to 93%) (Fig. 3).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Actuarial survival of children undergoing mitral valve repair or replacement.

Reoperation
Repair group.
Twenty-one patients (15%) required a reoperation 24 hours to 21 years (mean 5.8 years) after the initial repair (Table VI).The actuarial reoperation rate was 1.9% per patient-year. Actuarial freedom from reoperation was 95.5% (95% CL: 97.8% to 90.2%) at 1 year, 86% (95% CL: 91.4% to 78%) at 5 years, 80% (95% CL: 87.25% to 70.8%) at 10 years, and 67.7% (95% CL: 80.4% to 51.7%) at 15 years (Fig. 4).The causes of reoperation are as follows: Congestive dilatation of the left ventricle developed 18 years after the initial repair in one patient. In this patient the mitral valve was functioning well and a cardiomyoplasty was performed, with a good result. Residual or recurrent MVI was present in 17 patients and mitral valve stenosis in three, but only four patients required an early reoperation (1 to 10 days) after the initial repair. Among them, one patient died after the reoperation and is included in the hospital mortality statistics. Five patients in whom a prosthetic ring was not implanted during the initial operation underwent an implantation of a prosthetic ring during the reoperation, with a good result. Only three patients required a reoperation for mitral valve stenosis, 14.2, 6.5, and 4 years after the initial operation (Table VI). The size of the ring was 26 mm in two patients. In these patients an adult-sized prosthetic ring could be implanted after leaflet enlargement, with an excellent result. None of the children who underwent a leaflet enlargement by autologous pericardium needed a reoperation for calcification or retraction.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Actuarial freedom from reoperation after mitral valve repair.

Replacement group
Two patients were reoperated on for calcification of the bioprosthesis. After replacement with a mechanical prosthesis, both patients are doing well.

Echocardiography and Doppler ultrasonography
Since 1980 every patients had a baseline postoperative echocardiogram. However, only 46 patients had a second echocardiogram at a mean of 7.5 ± 4.3 years after the operation (5 to 25 years). Among the 46 patients without a valve prosthesis or reoperation, 39 had no sign of MVI at echocardiography, and six had grade 1/4 (trivial) regurgitation. Only one had grade 3/4 MVI. A second repair with pericardial patch enlargement and prosthetic ring annuloplasty was possible, with a good result. One patient had a transmitral gradient of 18 mm Hg (systolic) 21 years after repair with a 32 mm prosthetic ring and needs a reoperation.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Discussion References

 
This is the largest series of congenital MVI with the longest follow-up published to date. It demonstrates that valve repair with Carpentier's techniques is possible in most instances and is associated with excellent long-term results. Of particular importance was the use, in most cases, of a prosthetic ring to remodel the anulus. We strongly believe that the concept of annular remodeling and the associated techniques described by Carpentier were the key factors in the long-term stability of the results. Like others, we have been reluctant to use prosthetic rings in children to avoid progressive stenosis during the child's growth. ³ However, again like others, we noticed a high incidence of residual or recurrent MVI, as high as 25% ² when a ring was not used, with the exception of cases in which the MVI was associated with a large ventricular septal defect. ⁹ The importance of the prosthetic annuloplasty concept is accentuated in this series by five patients who did not receive a prosthetic ring at the first operation and in whom recurrent MVI developed, which was effectively managed by the implantation of a prosthetic ring during the reoperation. In this group the first operation was performed when the patients were 4.3 years (2.5 to 5 years) of age. A prosthetic ring could have been placed during the first stage. Age does not seem to be a limiting factor for using a prosthetic ring when the operation is performed after 2 years or 10 kg. Therefore our current policy to expand the use of the prosthetic ring and increase the use of leaflet enlargement so that a larger prosthetic ring can be used (Fig. 5).Of interest, however, is that rather small rings (26 mm or less) were associated with good long-term results; they were in place up to 20 years before becoming stenotic to the point of necessitating a reoperation. In these cases the stenosis was not due to the ring itself but rather to a fibrous covering of the mitral valve apparatus, which did not preclude a rerepair.

View larger version (109K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Restricted leaflet motion resulting from short chordae, associated with annular dilatation. Pericardial patch enlargement and prosthetic ring (A) compared with semicircular plication (B).

Valve repair in children younger than 2 years of age remains difficult because of the very thin leaflet tissue encountered. Leaflet enlargement is preferable to circular annuloplasty provided the quality of the valve tissue allows it, as in one of our patients reoperated on very early (Table VII, patient 16).

The grave prognosis in young patients has been underlined in previous publications. ^2,11 However, in children older than 2 years the hospital mortality is less than 5%.

Certain conclusions can be drawn from this retrospective study. Despite the complexity of the malformations, ¹² congenital MVI can be effectively treated by reconstructive surgery. The techniques described by Carpentier and the remodeling annuloplasty concept using suitably shaped prosthetic rings were associated with the best early and long-term results. The use of a ring, which was thought to be a limiting factor for these techniques in children, is largely compensated for by the quality and long-term stability of the result. A broader indication of leaflet extension increases the probability of using almost adult-sized rings in most children beyond 5 years of age.

We thank Dr. N. D'Attelis for his careful review of the manuscript and S. Romano for her skillful technical assistance.

	Appendix: Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Discussion References

 
Dr. Richard A. Hopkins (Providence, R.I.). Professor Chauvaud and colleagues under the direction of Professor Carpentier once again should be congratulated for excellent results in these 145 patients, who are truly children under the age of 12 years. Their mortality rates clearly demonstrated the long-term advantage of mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement in this age group.

I understand and have been indoctrinated in the functional anatomic approach by Carpentier's group, and I use it, but since this series specifically removed AV canal, corrected transposition, and straddling valves from the analysis, and only 20 patients were identified by diagnostic category, such as parachute or hammock valve, my primary question is this: Exactly what kind of patients were being operated on here?

Most of the patients appeared to have had associated congenital heart defects of a volume-overload type. Did these patients have annular dilatation and secondary prolapse as a consequence of volume overload, or are there primary congenital abnormalities within this group? Do the authors think that this approach is appropriate for the AV canal type of left AV valve that requires replacement? Do they think that in the congenitally abnormal mitral valve there are different roles for the secondary and primary chordae than in valves that were not congenitally abnormal? Do they think that the geometry of the mitral valve anulus is different in this subgroup of valves? Since the average ring size was 27 mm, it appears appropriate that techniques developed in the adult population would be applicable in this small adult-sized mitral anulus. Would the authors explain their bias for management of children under the age of 2 years, and would they favor leaflet enlargement over anulus reduction in the very small infant?

Dr. Chauvaud. Dr. Hopkins, I thank you for your comments.

Regarding the dilatation of the anulus associated with volume overload (such as ventricular septal defect or other congenital anomalies), it is difficult to know exactly when the annular dilatation is caused by dilatation of the left ventricle. However, on the basis of our series these cases are rare, and they were associated with anomalies of the subvalvular apparatus. We could assume that the MVI per se was treated like a primary lesion and not like a secondary lesion.

Regarding AV canal, we must realize that the left AV valve of AV canal defect is not a deformed mitral valve. As Alain Carpentier stated a long time ago, it has a very specific anatomy; it is not merely a cleft valve but rather a three-leaflet valve. In this series, we did not address the best way to treat annular dilatation in AV canal defect. However, we do not hesitate to use a prosthetic anulus in children with dilatation of the anulus in the AV canal defect, because in our own series we observed secondary dilatation and reoperations necessitated by dilatation of the anulus. With regard to annular dilatation, we use exactly the same principles of valve repair in congenital MVI and in the AV canal defect.

Children younger than 2 years of age are the most difficult to treat, and the same principles of leaflet enlargement associated with prosthetic annuloplasty could be used when necessary.

	Footnotes

 
12/6/86819

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Discussion References

 

1. Carpentier A, Branchini B, Cour JC, Asfaou E, Villani M, Deloche A, et al. Congenital malformation of the mitral valve in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976;72:854-860.[Abstract]
   
2. Sousa M, Galletti L, Lacour-Gayet F, Piot D, Serraf A, Bruniaux J, et al. Surgery for congenital mitral valve disease in the first year of life. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:164-76.
   
3. Stellin G, Bortolotti U, Mazzucco A, Graggian G, Guerra F, Daliento L, et al. Repair of congenitally malformed mitral valve in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;95:480-5.[Abstract]
   
4. Carpentier A. Congenital malformations of the mitral valve. In: Stark J, de Leval M, editors. Surgery for congenital heart defects. London: Grune & Stratton; 1983. p. 467-82.
   
5. Rowlatt UF, Rimoldi HJA, Lev M. The quantitative anatomy of the child's heart. Pediatr Clin North Am 1963;10:499-588.
   
6. Carpentier A. Mitral valve reconstructive surgery. In: Jamieson SW, Shumway NE, editors. Operative surgery. 4th ed. London: Butterworths; 1986. p. 405-14.
   
7. Chauvaud S, Jebara V, Chachques JC, El Asmer B, Mihaileanu S, Perier P, et al. Valve extension with glutaraldehyde-preserved autologous pericardium: results in mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;102:171-8.[Abstract]
   
8. Edmunds LH, Clark RE, Cohn LH, Grunkemeier GL, Miller DC, Weisel RD. Guidelines for reporting morbidity and mortality after cardiac valvular operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:708-11.[Free Full Text]
   
9. Hisatomi K, Isomura T, Sato T, Kosuga K, Ohishi K, Latoh H. Mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation with ventricular septal defect in children. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;62:1773-7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
10. Hisatomi K, Isomura T, Hirano A, Sato T, Nishimi M, Kawara T. Long-term follow-up results after reconstruction of the mitral valve by leaflet advancement. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:271-5.[Abstract]
    
11. Chauvaud SM, Mihaileanu SA, Gaer JAR, Carpentier AC. Surgical treatment of congenital mitral valvar insufficiency: "The Hôpital Broussais" experience. Cardiol Young 1997;7:5-14.
    
12. Anderson RH. Surgical treatment of congenital lesions of the mitral valve. Cardiol Young 1997;7:2-4.
    

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. Zegdi, B. Amahzoune, M. Ladjali, G. Sleilaty, J. Jouan, C. Latremouille, A. Deloche, and J.-N. Fabiani Congenital mitral valve regurgitation in adult patients. A rare, often misdiagnosed but repairable, valve disease Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., October 1, 2008; 34(4): 751 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Hetzer, E. B. M. D. Walter, M. Hubler, V. Alexi-Meskishvili, Y. Weng, N. Nagdyman, and F. Berger Modified surgical techniques and long-term outcome of mitral valve reconstruction in 111 children. Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2008; 86(2): 604 - 613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Oppido, B. Davies, D. M. McMullan, A. D. Cochrane, M. M.H. Cheung, Y. d'Udekem, and C. P. Brizard Surgical treatment of congenital mitral valve disease: Midterm results of a repair-oriented policy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., June 1, 2008; 135(6): 1313 - 1321.e4. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Honjo, Y. Kotani, S. Osaki, Y. Fujita, T. Suezawa, A. Tateishi, K. Ishino, M. Kawada, T. Akagi, and S. Sano Discrepancy Between Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography and Postoperative Transthoracic Echocardiography in Assessing Congenital Valve Surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2006; 82(6): 2240 - 2246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Honjo, K. Ishino, M. Kawada, T. Akagi, and S. Sano Midterm outcome of mitral valve repair for congenital mitral regurgitation in infants and children Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, October 1, 2006; 5(5): 589 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Aybek, S. Dogan, P. S. Risteski, A. Zierer, T. Wittlinger, G. Wimmer-Greinecker, and A. Moritz Two hundred forty minimally invasive mitral operations through right minithoracotomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2006; 81(5): 1618 - 1624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Bhudia, R. Troughton, B.-K. Lam, J. Rajeswaran, W. R. Mills, A. M. Gillinov, B. P. Griffin, E. H. Blackstone, B. W. Lytle, and L. G. Svensson Mitral Valve Surgery in the Adult Marfan Syndrome Patient. Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2006; 81(3): 843 - 848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Collison, S. K. Kaushal, K. S. Dagar, P. U. Iyer, S. Girotra, S. Radhakrishnan, S. Shrivastava, and K. S. Iyer Supramitral Ring: Good Prognosis in a Subset of Patients With Congenital Mitral Stenosis. Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2006; 81(3): 997 - 1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Wood, D. G. Healy, L. Nolke, D. Duff, P. Oslizlok, and K. Walsh Mitral valve reconstruction in a pediatric population: Late clinical results and predictors of long-term outcome J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2005; 130(1): 66 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Zegdi, Z. Khabbaz, S. Chauvaud, P. Garcon, A. Carpentier, and A. Deloche Functional classification dictates type of repair in "complex" mitral insufficiency: Application to a case of a hammock mitral valve in an adult patient J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2005; 130(1): 217 - 218. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Masuda, H. Kado, H. Tatewaki, Y. Shiokawa, and H. Yasui Late results after mitral valve replacement with bileaflet mechanical prosthesis in children: evaluation of prosthesis-patient mismatch Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2004; 77(3): 913 - 917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kirali, D. Mansuroglu, Y. Ozen, N. U. Bozbuga, A. Tuncer, M. E. Toker, M. Sismanoglu, and C. Yakut Mitral Clefts and Interatrial Septum Defects: 15-Year Results Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, June 1, 2003; 11(2): 135 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Prifti, V. Vanini, M. Bonacchi, G. Frati, M. Bernabei, G. Giunti, A. Crucean, S. Vincenzo Luisi, and B. Murzi Repair of congenital malformations of the mitral valve: early and midterm results Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2002; 73(2): 614 - 621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Mavroudis and C. L. Backer Surgical management of severe truncal insufficiency: experience with truncal valve remodeling techniques Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2001; 72(2): 396 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Sugita, Y. Ueda, M. Matsumoto, H. Ogino, J.-i. Nishizawa, and K. Matsuyama Early and late results of partial plication annuloplasty for congenital mitral insufficiency J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2001; 122(2): 229 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Alexiou, M. Galogavrou, Q. Chen, A. McDonald, A. P. Salmon, B. K. Keeton, M. P. Haw, and J. L. Monro Mitral valve replacement with mechanical prostheses in children: improved operative risk and survival Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2001; 20(1): 105 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-K. Ng, J. Nesser, C. Punzengruber, O. Pachinger, J. Auer, H. Franke, and P. Hartl Valvuloplasty with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium in patients with complex mitral valve pathology Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2001; 71(1): 78 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Stellin, M. Padalino, O. Milanesi, V. Vida, A. Favaro, M. Rubino, R. Biffanti, and D. Casarotto Repair of congenital mitral valve dysplasia in infants and children: is it always possible? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2000; 18(1): 74 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Gunther, D. Mazzitelli, C. Schreiber, M. Wottke, S.-U. Paek, H. Meisner, and R. Lange Mitral-valve replacement in children under 6 years of age Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2000; 17(4): 426 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. N. Mitruka and J. J. Lamberti Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: mitral valve disease Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2000; 69(4): S132 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Ohno, Y. Imai, M. Terada, and T. Hiramatsu The long-term results of commissure plication annuloplasty for congenital mitral insufficiency Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 1999; 68(2): 537 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Matsumoto, H. Kado, M. Masuda, Y. Shiokawa, K. Fukae, S. Morita, and H. Yasui CLINICAL RESULTS OF MITRAL VALVE REPAIR BY RECONSTRUCTING ARTIFICIAL CHORDAE TENDINEAE IN CHILDREN J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 1999; 118(1): 94 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Yoshimura, M. Yamaguchi, Y. Oshima, S. Oka, Y. Ootaki, H. Murakami, T. Tei, and K. Ogawa SURGERY FOR MITRAL VALVE DISEASE IN THE PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 1999; 118(1): 99 - 106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Kawahira, T. Yagihara, H. Uemura, T. Ishizaka, K. Yoshizumi, and S. Kitamura Use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures as artificial tendinous cords in children with congenital mitral regurgitation Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 1999; 15(3): 289 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Invited Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 1999; 67(1): 289 - 289. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Mitral Repair Successful in Congenital Mitral Regurgitation Journal Watch Cardiology, February 17, 1998; 1998(217): 9 - 9. [Full Text]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF)