J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:952-954
© 1998 Mosby, Inc.
Influence of low-intensity anticoagulation and low-dose antiplatelet agent on coagulation-fibrinolysis system after mechanical prosthetic valve replacement
Yukinori Moriyama,
Kazuo Nakamura,
Hiroko Kariyazono,
Hitoshi Toyohira,
Akira Taira
Kagoshima City, Japan
From the Department of Surgery, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kagoshima University, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima City, Japan.
Received for publication Nov. 17, 1997. Accepted for publication Dec. 8, 1997.
Address for reprints: Y. Moriyama, Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima City 890, Japan.
Mechanical prosthetic heart valve replacement requires lifelong anticoagulant therapy, although the optimal therapeutic range has not been established. To date several trials have tested the efficacy and safety of combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy for patients with prosthetic valves.
1-3 In this article we examined the influence of the combination of a less intense program of oral anticoagulation plus low-dose antiplatelets on the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems after prosthetic valve replacement.
Twenty-one patients underwent elective valve replacement with Omnicarbon tilting disc valves (Medical Inc., Inver Grove Heights, Minn.) at our institution. The group comprised 14 men and seven women aged between 27 and 69 years, with a mean age of 51 years. Operative procedures were aortic valve replacement (n = 11), mitral valve replacement (n = 9), and aortic plus mitral valve replacement (n = 1). Five patients had atrial fibrillation and two had a giant left atrium. However, neither heart failure nor left atrial thrombus was found in any patient before the operation. The dose of warfarin was started at 3 mg/day and adjusted to control prothrombin time/international normalized ratio at around 2.0 in combination with an antiplatelet agent—either aspirin (81 mg/day, n = 8) or ticlopidine (200 mg/day, n = 13). No drugs affecting the blood coagulation system other than these agents were administered. The dynamics of thrombin generation were monitored over a 2-year period using prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), D-dimer, and other coagulation-related factors such as warfarin concentration, vitamin K1–epoxide, and protein C. Platelet function was also assessed by maximum aggregation to adenosine diphosphate (2 µmol/L) stimulation. Blood samples were taken before the operation and 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after the operation. Nonparametric data were shown as median with interquartile range, and a multiple comparison test was performed by means of NP Multi.
Table I demonstrated time course of warfarin dose and blood concentrations of related factors. Before the operation, levels of F1+2, TAT, and D-dimer were high, indicating enhanced thrombin production and hyperfibrinolysis. Despite our combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, the levels of those parameters remained high during the first year after the operation. However, by the end of the second year they decreased significantly and returned to within normal range as compared with those in the first year. Platelet function after the operation was suppressed to a similar degree irrespective of the antiplatelet agent used (Table II).There were no obvious thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications throughout the follow-up period.
Although many studies have been undertaken to ascertain the appropriate level of anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic valve implants, the optimal range of anticoagulation is still controversial. 1,2 In general, thromboembolism is reported to occur in up to 2% of patients per year, and the frequency of major bleeding events ranges between 0.7% and 6.3% per patient-year. 3 For the past 10 years a total of 417 patients have undergone valve replacement surgery with the Omnicarbon tilting disc valve and have been placed on the same anticoagulant therapy as described above at our institution. The total follow-up was 1750 patient-years. The incidences of embolic and hemorrhagic episodes were 0.7% and 0.6% per patient-years, respectively. Despite the low rate of embolism in our clinical experience, prosthetic valve replacement induces significant activation of the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems during the subsequent first year. However, activation of these systems subsides by the end of the second year, even on a program of low-intensity anticoagulation with low-dose antiplatelet agent.
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