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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:306-315
© 1999 Mosby, Inc.

SURGERY FOR ACQUIRED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

CARDIAC SURGERY WITH CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

sa Durmaz, MD^a, Suat Büket, MD^a, Yüksel Atay, MD^a, Tahir Yadi, MD^a, Mustafa Özbaran, MD^a, Mehmet Boa, MD^a, lker Alat, MD^a, Asuman Güzelant, MD^b, evket Baarir, MD^a

From the Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,^a and the Konak Mother and Child Health Centre,^b zmir, Turkey.

Address for reprints: sa Durmaz, MD, Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bornova, zmir 35100, Turkey.

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Conclusion References

 
Objective: Renal failure is known to increase the morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The results of heart surgery in patients with non–dialysis-dependent, mild renal insufficiency are not clear.
Methods: One hundred nineteen adult patients with chronic renal failure underwent cardiac surgery. Group I consisted of 93 patients who had creatinine levels between 1.6 and 2.5 mg/dL but who were not supported by dialysis. Group II consisted of 18 patients with creatinine levels higher than 2.5 mg/dL who were not supported by dialysis. Group III consisted of 8 patients with end-stage renal disease who were receiving hemodialysis.
Results: The hospital mortality rates were 11.8%, 33.0%, and 12.5%, respectively. Morbidity was 21.5%, 44.4%, and 75.0%, respectively, in groups I, II, and III. Postoperative hemodialysis was needed in 2 (2.15%) patients from group I and 6 (33%) patients from group II. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, risk factors for mortality were preoperative creatinine level more than 2.5 mg/dL, angina class III-IV, emergency operation, excessive mediastinal hemorrhage, postoperative pulmonary insufficiency, low cardiac output, and rhythm disturbances. Risk factors for morbidity were preoperative creatinine level more than 2.5 mg/dL and postoperative dialysis.
Conclusions: Chronic renal failure increases the mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Renal insufficiency with creatinine levels higher than 2.5 mg/dL increases the risk of postoperative dialysis and prolongs the length of hospital stay. Careful preoperative management and intraoperative techniques, such as avoiding low perfusion pressure and using low-dose dopamine, may be useful for a good operative outcome.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Conclusion References

 
Chronic renal failure (CRF) in which glomerular filtration is progressively and irreversibly damaged is an important risk factor for the development of heart diseases. Patients with CRF have an accelerated rate of atherosclerosis, and death rates owing to cardiac disease increase dramatically with age in these patients.

Because of improved diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, life expectancy was increased in these patients. In recent years, the number of patients with renal disease who will have coronary artery disease amenable to surgical revascularization is likely to increase. Patients receiving long-term hemodialysis are at a high risk for both mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. Performing cardiac surgery in these patients can be challenging. Close teamwork among the cardiac surgeon, anesthesiologist, nephrologist, and cardiologist is essential.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been used with increasing frequency in hemodialysis-dependent patients since a 1968 report by Lansing, Leb, and Berman. ¹ The initial reports were case presentations. ^2,3 Numerous reports have described the results of heart surgery in patients with end-stage CRF. ^4-10 However, few studies have evaluated the results of heart surgery in patients with non–dialysis-dependent, mild renal insufficiency. ^11-13

In this study, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with heart surgery in patients with dialysis-dependent or non–dialysis-dependent renal failure, with particular emphasis on the predictor of mortality and morbidity.

	Patients and methods

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Conclusion References

 
From a population of 4855 consecutive patients undergoing heart surgery in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at Ege University Medical Faculty between January 1993 and June 1998, 119 patients with preoperative renal failure were identified (2.45%). There were 108 (90.7%) male and 11 (9.2%) female patients. The mean age was 59 ± 12 (range 20-87 years). The patients were divided into 3 groups. Group I consisted of 93 patients with creatinine levels between 1.6 and 2.5 mg/dL, but who were not receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Group II consisted of 18 patients with creatinine levels greater than 2.5 mg/dL who were not undergoing dialysis. Group III consisted of 8 patients with end-stage renal disease who were receiving hemodialysis (Table I). Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

The operative procedures used were coronary artery bypass grafting in 91 patients, mitral valve replacement in 9, aortic valve replacement in 5, double valve replacement in 4, the Bentall procedure in 3, replacement of the ascending aorta in 5, and total arch replacement in 2 (Table III).

Perioperative morbidity was defined as one or more of the following: Cardiac complications (myocardial infarction with or without low cardiac output) were defined as conditions that required the use of inotropic agents, intra-aortic balloon pump support, or ventricular assist device support. (The patients who received dopamine or dobutamine, or both, in a dose of more than 5 µg · kg^–1 · min^–1, those who received epinephrine, or those who required intra-aortic balloon pumping were considered to have low cardiac output. This definition was accepted when these therapies were required for longer than 6 hours.) Rhythm disturbances, identified by the need for antiarrhythmic therapies for longer than 6 hours, were also included as postoperative cardiac complications.

Neurologic complications were divided into 2 groups: stroke and temporary neurologic dysfunction. Postoperative stroke was defined as any clinically evident focal or general neurologic deficit that was not present before the operation but was identified after the operation and new lesions diagnosed by computed tomography. Any patients who had not recovered neurologically from the operation within 48 hours and who were comatose or semicomatose were included in the definition of stroke. Temporary neurologic dysfunction was defined as transient disorientation, agitation, delirium, and character changes with no neurologic sequelae.

Respiratory complications were considered to include the necessity for prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation (>24 hours) or the need for reintubation because of a primary lung failure.

Gastrointestinal complications were defined as the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding, mesenteric infarction, or bowel occlusion diagnosed by means of endoscopic evaluation or an abdominal operation.

Postoperative renal failure was defined as urine output of less than 400 mL in a 24-hour period, a 50% increase in serum creatinine from baseline, or institution of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Serious infection was defined as the occurrence of culture-proven pneumonia, mediastinitis, wound infection, urinary tract infection, or septicemia, with appropriate clinical findings.

Death in the intensive care unit within 24 hours after the operation is also included in morbidity because early death precludes observation of morbidity. Operative mortality was defined as any death that occurred during the hospitalization. Any deaths that occurred after discharge from the hospital but within 30 days of the procedure were included as operative mortality unless the cause was clearly unrelated to the operation. The remainder of the deaths were defined as late mortality.

Statistical analysis.
The Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance for repeated measures were used for the analysis of continuous data of the 3 groups, and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used for each group. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for independent groups. Backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify a number of patient-related preoperative, operative, and postoperative predictors of mortality and morbidity. A total of 31 variables were studied: 13 were preoperative (preoperative creatinine level, age, gender, body surface area, presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prior myocardial infarction, angina class, family history, and long-term dialysis), 8 were operative (coronary artery bypass surgery, valvular surgery, aortic surgery, CPB time, crossclamp time, emergency status, perioperative excessive mediastinal hemorrhage, and the use of blood or blood products), and 10 were postoperative (postoperative low cardiac output, stroke, transient neurologic deficit, pulmonary insufficiency, acute renal failure necessitating dialysis, gastrointestinal complication, serious infection, rhythm disturbances, multiple system organ failure, and postoperative creatinine level). A contingent probability of .10 or less was used to enter and .15 to remove the variables from the model. Postoperative complications were not taken into account as variables in analyzing postoperative morbidity. The estimated odds ratio was the likelihood of an event in the presence of a variable compared with its likelihood in the absence of that variable. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for late mortality for the 3 groups, and the mean survival times were given with 95% confidence intervals. SPSS for Windows release 7.5 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill) was used for data analysis.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Conclusion References

 
Eighteen patients died in the hospital, for an overall 30-day mortality rate of 15.1%. The causes of death were cardiac in 10 patients, renal in 3, infectious in 3, cerebrovascular in 2, pulmonary in 2, and gastrointestinal in 2. The hospital mortality rates for patients in groups I, II, and III were 11 (11.8%), 6 (33.3%), and 1 (12.5%), respectively (Table IV). On multivariable analysis, perioperative variables significantly associated with increased risk for in-hospital mortality were preoperative creatinine level greater than 2.5 mg/dL, angina class III-IV, excessive mediastinal hemorrhage, emergency status, postoperative pulmonary insufficiency, low cardiac output, and rhythm disturbances (Table V).

The average postoperative drainage for 24 hours was 688.4 ± 31.3 mL. Only 2 patients returned to the operating room for bleeding. Sites of bleeding were discovered in both patients, so that coagulopathy related to renal failure was not considered to be the cause. Total blood product administration during the operation or within 24 hours after the operation averaged 2.46 ± 1.5 U. In group III, we used an autotransfusion device to concentrate suctioned mediastinal blood during the operation. The amounts of postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements of the 3 groups were compared. Although the difference was not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis ² test = 14.5, P = .93), the number of units of red cells transfused was slightly higher in group III than in the other groups (Table III). The greater number of units of blood transfused in this group was not due to greater postoperative blood loss. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of CPB time, crossclamp time, and the amount of postoperative blood loss (Table III).

An analysis of the mean creatinine values in group I patients on admission and in the postoperative period showed a minimal and nonsignificant increase from 1.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL to 1.9 ± 0.5 mg/dL. Only 2 patients in this group required postoperative dialysis (2.2%). In group II the mean preoperative creatinine value was 3.3 ± 1.0 mg/dL. After the operation this value increased significantly to 4.0 ± 1.0 mg/dL (Table VI). Six patients in group II required postoperative dialysis (33.3%). In groups I and II, multivariable analysis was used for identifying perioperative risk factors for postoperative acute renal failure necessitating dialysis. Preoperative creatinine level greater than 2.5 mg/dL, postoperative pulmonary insufficiency, low cardiac output, and serious infection were found to be independent predictors (Table V). In group III, postoperative mean creatinine value was found to be slightly lower than the preoperative value (7.6 ± 2.4 vs 6.7 ± 2.7 mg/dL) (Fig 1).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Changes in serum creatinine after CPB. In patients in group II, differences between preoperative and postoperative levels were statistically significant (Wilcoxon test).

There was no significant differences between the average length of hospital stay of group I and group III patients (U = 175, P = .089). Follow-up was complete in all hospital survivors (n = 101), with a mean follow-up of 34.8 ± 16.4 months (3-67 months). Follow-up information was obtained on all patients by direct telephone contact or clinical examination. There were 9 late deaths (8.9%). The causes of death were cardiac in 4 patients, renal in 2, pulmonary in 1, and unknown in 2 patients. The late mortality rates for patients in groups I, II, and III were 6.1%, 25%, and 14.3%, respectively. The mean survival times are different for each of the 3 groups. Although the long-term survival is reduced in group II patients, it is difficult to interpret the results because of the small sample sizes of the second and the third groups and the number of deaths in the groups (Fig 2).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Comparison of survival curves in patients with different stages of renal failure (standard deviations are given in parentheses).

	Conclusion

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Conclusion References

The serum potassium level was corrected to the range of 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L. The patients were given blood transfusions before the operation if the hematocrit value was lower than 25%. Cephalosporins were given for antibiotic prophylaxis. The patients were taken to the operating room with optimal hydration and electrolyte balance. Myocardial depressants were avoided, and minimal intravenous fluids, consisting of 5% dextrose in water, were administered. The use of intraoperative hemodialysis was advocated by some groups. ^24,25 Intraoperative ultrafiltration is valuable in removing excess plasma water during CPB. It also avoids the hemodynamic instability and the risk of heparin-associated bleeding associated with the use of hemodialysis. We used continuous hemodiafiltration during and after CPB in all dialysis-dependent patients, and we did not see any complication related to this procedure. The chronic anemia and platelet function disturbances may obligate them to a greater requirement for transfusion of blood products in the perioperative period. In dialysis-dependent patients we used an autotransfusion device to concentrate suctioned mediastinal blood during the operation. In our study, the blood product requirements of dialysis-dependent patients with renal failure were slightly greater than those of non–dialysis-dependent patients. The greater number of units of red cells used possibly reflected more intraoperative usage, which was due to lower preoperative hematocrit levels in these patients. The chronic arteriovenous fistulas of patients with end-stage CRF are at risk for thrombosis during the operation, probably from low peripheral perfusion during CPB or applied pressure to the fistula during arm positioning. In group III, 2 of 8 patients had this complication. In both of these patients, hemodialysis was performed with a temporary hemodialysis catheter inserted through the subclavian vein. Revisions of fistulas were made before discharge. Inasmuch as dialysis access sites are finite, the arteriovenous fistulas should be protected carefully by proper positioning.

Regular estimation of the acid-base balance and electrolyte concentrations is essential during the postoperative period for detecting and treating abnormalities. Assessment of tissue perfusion and measurements of daily weights, blood pressure, pulse rate, and central venous pressure are mandatory for correct management. The most important electrolyte imbalance in CPB operations is that of potassium, because elevated and reduced levels are associated with life-threatening arrhythmia, especially after ischemia. In our study, ventricular arrhythmia and fibrillation were common causes of morbidity in dialysis-dependent patients and were responsible for 50% (3 patients) of all causes of morbidity. Fluid restriction is essential in patients with long-term hemodialysis. In non–dialysis-dependent patients, volume replacement must be according to urine output. In these patients, excessive fluid restriction may cause acute renal failure. We applied routine administration of dopamine hydrochloride in patients with serum creatinine levels of more than 1.6 mg/dL and took aggressive measures to assure adequate hydration and to maintain urine output during the operation. Postoperative early hemodialysis may be useful in patients with inadequate urine output and a high potassium level. In patients in group I or II, we used some criteria for initiating dialysis. Dialysis was instituted whenever a 50% increase in serum creatinine from baseline was observed or the patient exhibited inadequate urine output (<400 mL for 24 hours) despite correction of hemodynamic status and diuretic therapy, especially if fluid overload, hyperkalemia, or metabolic acidosis was also present. If hemodynamic status was not stable, peritoneal dialysis was commenced (4/111 patients in groups I and II).

The use of peritoneal dialysis has some advantages over hemodialysis in the early postoperative period. Peritoneal dialysis can be initiated with minimal equipment and does not require specialized personnel. It also avoids the potential complications of abrupt hemodynamic changes or the risk of heparin-associated bleeding that may occur with the use of hemodialysis. Peritoneal dialysis allows a prolonged delay in the reinstitution of hemodialysis. Especially in group II patients, early institution of peritoneal dialysis may be of great benefit. However, peritoneal dialysis may be contraindicated when there is continuity of the thorax or pericardium (or both) with the abdominal cavity. Risks of peritonitis, respiratory disturbances, and protein loss are other drawbacks of the peritoneal dialysis.

In patients with moderate elevation of serum creatinine levels (1.6 mg/dL through 2.5 mg/dL), there is less probability of postoperative dialysis, but preoperative values of greater than 2.5 mg/dL are associated with a markedly increased risk. Accordingly, in group I, 2 of 93 patients needed postoperative dialysis (2.2%), whereas 6 patients in group II progressed to dialysis during the hospital course (33%) (P = .003). Hemodialysis was performed in 4 of them. The remaining 4 patients were entered into the peritoneal dialysis program because of hemodynamic instability. It is clear that the status of patients with CFR worsened after CPB, particularly in those with creatinine values higher than 2.5 mg/dL. CPB in patients with CRF poses a special problem because of the excessive fluid shifts in the different body compartments during CPB. With reduced renal capacity, the tolerance to CPB is worsened. The outcome of the operation depends in part on the ability of the kidneys to deal with those fluid shifts. Group II patients seem more susceptible to the adverse effect of CPB because they have more advanced compromise of renal function than the group I patients.

At present, the overall mortality of cardiac surgery with CPB is 3.5% at our clinic. This represents less than one fourth of the mortality in patients with CRF (15.1%). The incidence of mortality was also considerably higher in patients with preoperative creatinine levels greater than 2.5 mg/dL (33%). Especially in groups II and III, the postoperative course was complicated in most cases. In patients with non–dialysis-dependent renal failure, when postoperative renal failure is severe enough to require dialysis, morbidity and mortality are markedly increased despite dialysis and intensive supportive care. In addition to problems in the management of fluid and electrolytes, a number of comorbid factors such as low cardiac output state, bleeding diathesis, and susceptibility to infection predispose these patients to increased operative morbidity and mortality. In 6 patients in group II, the postoperative period was complicated by acute renal failure necessitating dialysis, and 4 of the patients died. In patients with preoperative renal failure with long-term hemodialysis, when dialysis is performed the day before and then the normal dialysis routine is resumed on the second postoperative day, the renal management of these patients is straightforward. In group III, all patients were in hemodynamically stable condition in the early postoperative period and none of them needed inotropic agents or peritoneal dialysis immediately after the operation. In group III patients CPB procedures were performed with a good operative outcome. Because major morbidity that necessitates longer hospitalization was more common in group II patients, the average hospitalization time was significantly longer when compared with that of group III patients. Group III patients are under the care of a nephrologist for a long time and no additional preoperative evaluation is needed in these patients, but preoperative diagnostic facilities and consultations cause longer preoperative stays in group II patients.

In conclusion, the patients with CRF with significant comorbid diseases should be evaluated carefully. Preoperative renal failure increases the mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing heart surgery. Our results suggest that even those patients with relatively mild renal insufficiency remain at risk for a poor outcome. In patients with creatinine levels higher than 2.5 mg/dL, there is a strong likelihood of postoperative dialysis besides increased risks of mortality and morbidity. It is important to develop methods of identifying patients at high risk for perioperative renal failure because renal ischemia is generally silent, unlike ischemia of the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vascular beds, which are usually overt, manifested by angina pectoris, neurologic sequelae, and claudication, respectively. Reduced baseline renal function can be used to stratify patients before surgery and to identify several subgroups of patients at substantially increased risk. A prospective randomized trial is required to assess the long-term results of heart surgery in patients with different stages of renal failure. In group II patients, correct evaluation of the necessity of dialysis and proper timing to start it will be a major concern of future studies.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Conclusion References

 

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