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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:1314-1319
© 2003 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

Surgery for acquired cardiovascular disease

Skeletonization of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts lowers the risk of sternal infection in patients with diabetes

^a Division of Cardiac Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Received for publication January 13, 2003; revisions received March 6, 2003; revisions received April 7, 2003; accepted for publication May 16, 2003.

^* Address for reprints: Michael A. Borger, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Toronto General Hospital EN 13-217, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
michael.borger{at}uhn.on.ca

	Abstract

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References

 
OBJECTIVE: Deep sternal wound infection is a dreaded complication of coronary artery bypass surgery, particularly in patients with diabetes. This study determines whether skeletonization of internal thoracic artery conduits compared with pedicled harvesting reduces the risk of deep sternal wound infection in patients with diabetes undergoing bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting.

METHODS: We reviewed prospectively gathered data on all patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting and received bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts at our institution since 1990. We compared patients with diabetes who received skeletonized (n = 79) versus conventional pedicled (n = 36) internal thoracic artery conduits.

RESULTS: The proportion of patients taking insulin (19.0% vs 14.0% for skeletonized vs conventional grafts, respectively, P = .6) or oral hypoglycemic agents (68.4% vs 69.4%, P = .9), as well as the prevalence of type I diabetes (2.5% vs 8.3%, P = .18), were similar in both groups. Patients who received skeletonized grafts were more likely to receive a free rather than an in situ right internal thoracic artery graft (93.7% vs 30.6%, P < .001). The prevalence of deep sternal wound infection was significantly lower in patients who received skeletonized grafts compared with patients who received conventional grafts (1.3% vs 11.1%, P = .03). Patients in the skeletonized group were also less likely to develop any (superficial or deep) sternal wound infection postoperatively (5.1% vs 22.2%, P = .03). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of deep sternal wound infection between patients with diabetes who received skeletonized internal thoracic arteries and patients without diabetes who underwent conventional internal thoracic artery grafting (n = 578) (1.2% vs 1.6%, respectively, P = .8).

CONCLUSIONS: Skeletonization of internal thoracic artery conduits lowers the risk of deep sternal wound infection in patients with diabetes undergoing bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting. We no longer consider diabetes a contraindication to bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting, provided the internal thoracic arteries are skeletonized.

Patients with diabetes represent a subgroup of patients who could potentially derive the greatest benefit from bilateral ITA grafting. Unfortunately, this technique is limited by the increased risk of deep sternal wound infection associated with conventional pedicled ITA harvesting.⁵ Indeed, diabetes is a well-recognized risk factor for sternal infection even in patients receiving a single ITA graft.^5,6 Pedicled harvesting of both ITA grafts may impair sternal wound healing by decreasing sternal blood flow, resulting in an increased risk of sternal wound infection and dehiscence.^7,8

Recently, skeletonization of ITA grafts has been suggested as a technique that results in less devascularization of the sternum.^8,9 Skeletonization involves meticulous dissection of the ITA conduit away from the chest wall, with preservation of the collateral sternal blood supply and the internal thoracic veins. This study determines whether skeletonization of ITA conduits reduces the risk of deep sternal wound infection in patients with diabetes undergoing bilateral ITA grafting.

	Methods

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We reviewed prospectively collected data on all patients who have received bilateral ITA grafts at our institution since 1990. Institutional ethics approval was obtained before the study. Since 1999, skeletonization of ITA grafts has been performed routinely by 2 of our surgeons (C.M.P. and C.M.F.) on all patients undergoing CABG. Most skeletonized ITA grafts were harvested by the 2 staff surgeons early in the study, with progressively more harvests being performed by cardiac surgery residents and fellows over time. Pedicled ITA grafts were harvested by a combination of attending surgeons, fellows, and residents.

We compared patients with diabetes who received skeletonized (n = 79) versus conventional pedicled (n = 36) bilateral ITA grafts. Patients without diabetes who underwent conventional bilateral ITA grafting (n = 578) were also compared with patients with diabetes who received skeletonized bilateral ITA conduits. We excluded patients who underwent concomitant cardiac or extracardiac procedures.

Perioperative management
Bilateral ITA grafting with skeletonized or pedicled grafts was performed in all patients. Saphenous vein segments and radial arteries were used as additional bypass conduits as required to perform complete myocardial revascularization. Cardiopulmonary bypass and blood cardioplegia were used in all patients.

On the morning of the operation, the hair overlying potential surgical sites was removed on all patients with hair clippers, followed by an antiseptic wash with a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (Endure 420; Ecolab, St Paul, Minn). In addition, a complete surgical scrub of the chest and potential donor graft sites was performed with a 7.5% povidone-iodine soap solution in the operating room, followed by a 10% povidone-iodine clear solution. An iodoform-impregnated adhesive plastic sheet (Ioban; 3M, Brookings, SD) was routinely applied to the chest. Intravenous cefazolin (1 g) or clindamycin (600 mg) was administered before skin incision. The skin was incised with a scalpel, and electrocautery was used to open the presternal layers and pericardium. A median sternotomy was performed in all patients. Bone wax was used sparingly, and excessive use of electrocautery on the sternum was avoided.

The pleural space was partially opened in most patients undergoing skeletonized ITA harvesting and widely opened in patients undergoing pedicled ITA harvesting. Skeletonized ITA grafts were dissected as isolated arteries, leaving the adjacent veins and muscle undisturbed. Arterial branches were divided with microscissors between proximal and distal hemoclips. The left skeletonized ITA grafts were mobilized from the first rib to the bifurcation of the ITA into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. The right ITA grafts were mobilized from the bifurcation to the sternomanubrial junction if used as a free graft or to the first rib if used as an in situ graft. The proximal extent of dissection for free grafts was 1 rib space less than for in situ harvesting. Pedicled ITAs were harvested with the standard technique; that is, pedicled ITAs were dissected from the thoracic wall, along with the accompanying internal thoracic veins, muscle, and fascia, using electrocautery. Arterial side branches were controlled proximally with small hemoclips and distally with electrocautery. Both ITAs were divided after systemic heparinization and immersed in a solution of papaverine (2 cc) and blood (8 cc).

Before initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, free right ITAs were anastomosed as a T graft to in situ left ITAs with a continuous 7-0 polypropylene suture. Saphenous vein and radial arterial grafts were constructed before distal ITA grafting. Before chest closure, the pericardium and thymic tissue were approximated to protect the ITAs from injury in case of repeat sternotomy. Sump drains were placed in the mediastinum, and chest tubes were inserted into the pleural spaces, if opened. The sternum was closed with stainless steel wires. The presternal space was closed with 2 layers of absorbable suture, and the skin was closed with a subcuticular absorbable suture. Patients were extubated when they were hemodynamically stable, normothermic, and ventilating spontaneously.

Deep sternal wound infection was defined according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with patients meeting at least 1 of the following criteria: (1) isolation of an organism from culture of mediastinal tissue or fluid; (2) evidence of mediastinitis during sternal reexploration; or (3) chest pain, sternal instability, or fever present in combination with purulent discharge from the mediastinum or an isolated organism from blood or tissue cultures.¹⁰ Superficial sternal infection was defined as wound erythema and purulent discharge without evidence of sternal or mediastinal involvement.

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with SAS software (version 8.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD, and categoric variables are expressed as percentages throughout the article. Comparisons of continuous variables between groups were performed with unpaired Student t tests or the Kruskal-Wallis test. Categoric variables were analyzed with ² or Fisher's exact tests. Backward stepwise logistic regression identified independent predictors of deep sternal wound infection.

	Results

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References

 
Patients in the 2 groups were similar for all preoperative variables, with the exception of a greater proportion of men and a lower prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the skeletonized group (Table 1). The prevalence of type I diabetes mellitus, the use of oral hypoglycemic agents, and the proportion of patients using insulin were similar between the 2 groups.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Prevalence of any (superficial or deep) sternal wound infection (SWI) in patients receiving bilateral ITAs; skeletonized versus conventional.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Prevalence of deep SWI in patients receiving bilateral ITAs: skeletonized versus conventional.

We also compared the incidence of sternal wound infection between patients with diabetes who received skeletonized bilateral ITA grafts with patients without diabetes who received conventional bilateral ITA grafts (n = 578). The overall incidence of sternal wound infection (superficial or deep) was similar between these 2 groups of patients (4.8% and 4.2%, respectively, P = .8). Similarly, the incidence of deep sternal wound infection was not significantly higher for the patients with diabetes compared with the patients without diabetes (1.2% vs 1.6%, respectively, P = .8) (Figure 3).

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Prevalence of deep SWI in patients with and without diabetes receiving ITAs: skeletonized versus conventional, respectively.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References

Despite accumulating evidence of prolonged survival and decreased cardiac events, many surgeons avoid bilateral ITA grafting because of the increased risk of sternal infection, especially in patients with diabetes.^5,6 Deep sternal wound infection is a dreaded complication that portends an increased risk of morbidity and death.¹³ We previously demonstrated that patients who develop deep sternal infection have a 3-fold increase in intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, as well as a 3-fold increase in mortality.⁶

The increased risk of sternal infection after bilateral ITA grafting is most likely caused by sternal ischemia. Several clinical and laboratory studies have demonstrated reduced ipsilateral sternal blood flow after pedicled ITA harvesting.^7,14,15 Skeletonization of ITA conduits, however, results in less reduction of sternal blood flow.^8,9 Anatomic studies reveal that the sternal and anterior intercostal branches of the ITA originate either directly or as a common trunk from the ITA.¹⁶ Substantial collateral blood flow to the sternum can be maintained in the absence of the ITA, provided the sternal-anterior intercostal trunk is left intact. Skeletonization of the ITA often results in preservation of this common trunk, particularly if meticulous dissection is performed. We therefore hypothesized that skeletonization would lower the risk of sternal infection, particularly in high-risk patients.

The current study confirms an unacceptably high prevalence of deep sternal wound infection in patients with diabetes receiving pedicled bilateral ITA grafts (11.1%, Figure 2). Skeletonization of both conduits resulted in a significantly lower prevalence of deep sternal infection (1.2%) that was comparable to rates in patients without diabetes (1.6%, Figure 3). The prevalence of any sternal infection (superficial or deep) was also significantly lower in patients in the skeletonized group. We conclude that skeletonization allows safe application of bilateral ITA grafting in patients with diabetes, a finding that has been demonstrated by others.¹⁷

Although skeletonization is associated with a decreased risk of wound infection, some potential drawbacks should be addressed. First, skeletonization may be more technically difficult than pedicled ITA harvesting and may increase the risk of conduit injury. In the current study, we found an insignificant 15-minute increase in operating times for patients undergoing skeletonization. However, we believe that skeletonization can be safely performed, and that the risk of ITA injury is small. Experimental studies reveal that skeletonization does not result in more histologic or endothelial damage than pedicled ITA harvesting.^18,19 Furthermore, skeletonized ITA conduits have better intraoperative blood flow than pedicled conduits, as well as increased length.^19,20 The latter finding may be important for patients with distal coronary targets.

Another potential drawback of skeletonization is that it is a relatively new surgical technique, and therefore current data are lacking on long-term patency rates. Early and midterm patency studies have yielded very encouraging results.^21,22 Although further studies are required, it is unlikely that long-term patency rates will be worse than for pedicled ITA grafts.

A potential benefit of skeletonization, in addition to the decreased risk of sternal infection, is decreased postoperative chest wall pain. Intercostal nerve damage occurs frequently after pedicled ITA harvesting.²³ We previously demonstrated that three quarters of patients who underwent coronary bypass showed evidence of intercostal nerve damage after pedicled harvesting, and that 15% of these patients experienced persistent postoperative pain.²⁴ The anterior branch of the intercostal nerve is avoided during skeletonized harvesting, which may in turn decrease the frequency and severity of postoperative chronic chest wall pain.

It should be noted that patients who received skeletonized grafts fared better than patients who received pedicled grafts for outcomes other than sternal infection (Table 3). Skeletonization was associated with a lower prevalence of low cardiac output syndrome and intra-aortic balloon use. Improvement in early cardiac outcomes may relate to the increased conduit diameter and blood flow reported in skeletonized compared with pedicled grafts.^19,20 Our study also revealed that patients who received skeletonized grafts had lower red blood cell transfusion requirements (Table 3), a finding that may be explained by the meticulous dissection and hemostasis that is necessary during skeletonization.

Finally, our study revealed that patients who received skeletonized grafts had shorter ventilation times, intensive care unit stays, and hospital stays than patients who received pedicled grafts (Table 3). We do not believe that these improvements were caused by ITA skeletonization per se, rather they were caused by differences in the date of the procedures. In the current study, patients who received a pedicled graft underwent operation between 1990 and 2002, whereas skeletonization was not performed until 1999. We adopted early extubation and "fast-tracking" protocols at our institution in the mid-1990s, which was likely responsible for the decreased ventilation times and lengths of stay for patients in the skeletonized group. Indeed, this potential time bias is the main limitation of our study. It should be stressed, however, that we did not change any of our practices related to sternal infection during the entire 12-year study period. Therefore, we feel justified in concluding that skeletonization lowers the risk of sternal infection in high-risk patients.

	Conclusion

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References

 
ITA skeletonization lowers the risk of sternal infection in patients with diabetes, resulting in infection rates that are similar to those in patients without diabetes. We no longer consider diabetes a contraindication to bilateral ITA grafting, provided skeletonization is performed. Although long-term patency results are pending, we believe that skeletonization is a safe and effective method of ITA harvesting.

	References

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14. Parish MA, Asai T, Grossi EA, Esposito R, Galloway AC, Colvin SB, et al. The effects of different techniques of internal mammary artery harvesting on sternal blood flow. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104:1303–1307[Abstract]
    
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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Mark D. Peterson Michael A. Borger Vivek Rao Charles M. Peniston Christopher M. Feindel Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Peterson, M. D. Articles by Feindel, C. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Peterson, M. D. Articles by Feindel, C. M. Related Collections Coronary disease